Semiconductors for Alternative Energy Technologies: Opportunities and Markets

Table Of Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction

1-1

Chapter 2

Solar Energy

2-1

2.1

Solar Infrastructure

2-1

2.1.1

Current developments

2-2

2.1.2

Worldwide installed photovoltaic totals

2-8

2.1.3

Applications of PV

2-11

2.1.3.1

PV Power Stations

2-11

2.1.3.2

PV in Buildings

2-15

2.1.3.3

PV in Transport

2-17

2.1.3.4

PV in Atandalone Devices

2-20

2.1.3.5

Rural Electrification

2-21

2.1.3.6

Solar Roadways

2-21

2.1.4

Economics of PV

2-21

2.1.4.1

Power Costs

2-22

2.1.4.2

Grid Parity

2-22

2.1.4.3

Financial Incentives

2-23

2.1.5

Solar Forecast

2-26

2.2

Semiconductor Technology

2-28

2.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

2-28

2.2.2

Semiconductor Forecast

2-40

Chapter 3

Wind Energy

3-1

3.1

Wind Energy  Infrastructure

3-1

3.1.1

Electricity Generation

3-2

3.1.1.1

Grid Management System

3-2

3.1.1.2

Capacity Factor

3-3

3.1.2

Turbine Placement

3-4

3.1.3

Offshore Wind Farms

3-4

3.1.4

Utilization Of Wind Power

3-9

3.1.5

Small Scale Wind Power

3-16

3.1.6

Economics And Feasibility

3-17

3.1.6.1

Growth And Cost Trends

3-17

3.1.6.2

Theoretical Potential

3-22

3.1.6.3

Direct Costs

3-22

3.1.6.4

External Costs

3-23

3.1.6.5

Incentives

3-24

3.2

Semiconductor Technology

3-25

3.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

3-25

3.2.2

Semiconductor Forecast

3-29

Chapter 4

Fuel Cells

4-1

4.1

Fuel Cell Infrastructure

4-1

4.1.1

Fuel Cell Design

4-1

4.1.2

History

4-3

4.1.3

Types of fuel cells

4-4

4.1.3.1 

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 

4-4

4.1.3.2 

Phosphoric Acid 

4-6

4.1.3.3 

Direct Methanol 

4-8

4.1.3.4 

Alkaline 

4-8

4.1.3.6 

Molten Carbonate 

4-10

4.1.3.7 

Solid Oxide 

4-12

4.1.3.8 

Regenerative (Reversible) Fuel Cells

4-18

4.1.4

Efficiency

4-18

4.1.4.1

Fuel cell efficiency

4-18

4.1.4.2

In practice

4-19

4.1.5

Fuel cell applications

4-21

4.1.5.1

Suggested applications

4-22

4.1.5.2

Hydrogen transportation and refueling

4-26

4.1.6

Fuel Cell Forecast

4-31

4.2

Semiconductor Technology

4-41

4.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

4-41

4.2.2

Semiconductor Forecast

4-50

Chapter 5

Storage Technology

5-1

5.1

Storage Infrastructure

5-1

5.1.1

Usage And Applications

5-2

5.1.2

Charging And Discharging

5-4

5.1.3

Active Components

5-6

5.1.3.1

Common Rechargeable Battery Types

5-9

5.1.3.2

Less Common Types

5-10

5.1.4

Recent Developments

5-11

5.1.5

Alternatives

5-11

5.1.6

Batteries for Electric Vehicles

5-12

5.2

Semiconductor Technology

5-22

5.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

5-22

Chapter 6

Geothermal Energy

6-1

6.1

Geothermal Energy Technology Infrastructure

6-1

6.1.1

Geothermal Technologies

6-1

6.1.2

Advantages

6-6

6.1.3

Disadvantages

6-7

6.1.4

History Of Development

6-8

6.1.5

Development Around The World

6-8

6.1.6

Geothermal Forecast

6-18

6.2

Semiconductor Technology

6-19

6.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

6-19

6.2.2

Semiconductor Forecast

Chapter 7

Nuclear Power

7-1

7.1

Nuclear Power Infrastructure

7-1

7.1.1

History

7-4

7.1.1.1

Origins

7-4

7.1.1.2

Early Years

7-5

7.1.1.3

Development

7-7

7.1.2

Future Of The Industry

7-8

7.1.2.1 

Micro Reactors

7-12

7.1.3

Nuclear Reactor Forecast

7-32

7.2

Semiconductor Technology

7-51

7.2.1

Key Component Semiconductor Devices

7-51

7.2.2

Semiconductor Forecast

LIST OF TABLES

2.1

Total Photovoltaic Peak Power Capacity By Country

2-10

2.2

World's Largest Photovoltaic Power Plants

2-12

2.3

Large PV Systems In Planning Or Under Construction

2-14

3.1

Operational Wind Farms

3-1

3.2

Wind Farms Under Construction

3-8

3.3

Installed Windpower Capacity (MW)

3-10

3.4

Annual Wind Power Generation (TWh)

3-11

4.1

FUEL CELL COMPARISONS

4-15

4.2

FUEL CELL DETAILS

4-16

5.1

Rechargeable Battery Technologies

5-7

5.2

List Of Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturers

5-14

5.3

Number Of Electric Cars In The United States

5-16

5.4

Alternative Fuel Vehicles In Use In The U.S. By Fuel Type

5-17

5.5

Technical Targets: Inverter/Motor Powertrain

5-25

5.6

Technical Targets: Integrated Inverter/Motor

5-26

7.1

Worldwide Nuclear Reactors By Region

7-2

7.2

Small-Medium Reactors

7-16

7-3

Number Of Reactors In Operation Worldwide

7-33

7-4

Number Of Reactors Under Construction Worldwide

7-34

7-5

Nuclear Share In Electricity Generation In 2006 (%)

7-35

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1

Flat Plate Solar Collector

2-3

2.2

Parabolic Trough Solar Collector

2-4

2.3

Solar Dish/Engine Collector

2-5

2.4

Solar Power Tower Collector

2-6

2.5

Forecast Of Solar Power

2-27

2.6

Block Diagram Of Microcontroller-Based Inverter

2-31

2.7

Block Diagram Of Solar Inverter System

2-32

2.8

Full Bridge IGBT Topology

2-37

2.9

PV Inverter Market Distribution

2-39

2.10

Semiconductor Revenues From Solar Energy Systems

2-41

3.1

Evolution Of U.S. Commercial Wind Technology

3-5

3.2

U.S. Installed Capacity (Megawatts) 1981-2007

3-13

3.3

U.S. Installed Capacity (Megawatts)  2007

3-14

3.4

Worldwide Wind Turbine Shipments 1995 - 2012

3-19

3.5

Wind Power As Percent Of Electricity 2006

3-21

3.6

Semiconductor Revenues From Wind Energy Systems

3-31

4-1

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell

4-5

4-2

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Fuel Cell

4-7

4-3

Alkaline (AFC) Fuel Cell

4-9

4-4

Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Fuel Cell

4-11

4-5

Solid Oxide (SOFC) Fuel Cell

4-13

4-6

Transition To A Hydrogen Economy

4-27

4-7

Hydrogen Reformer Fueling Station

4-29

4-8

Diversified Fuel Cell Development

4-35

4-9

Shipments Of Stationary Fuel Cells 50kW And Below – 2003-2006

4-36

4-10

Shipments Of Stationary Fuel Cells Above 50kW– 2003-2006

4-37

4-11

Worldwide Fuel Cell Shipments 2003 - 2012

4-40

4-12

Fuel Cell Inverter In Car

4-42

4-13

Block Diagram Of Fuel Cell Inverter

4-46

4-14

Semiconductor Revenues From Fuel Cell Systems

4-51

5.1

Mass And Volume Energy Densities Of Secondary Cells

5-8

5.2

Hybrid Sales Versus National Average Gas Prices

5-18

5.3

North American Battery Forecast For Vehicles

5-19

7.1

Conventional Geothermal Well

6-2

7.2

Conventional Geothermal Well

6.4

7.3

Geothermal Heat Pump

6-5

7.4

Hyperion Nuclear Reactor

7-14

7.5

Heat Transfer For Different Primary Coolants

7-31

7.6

Historical And Projected World Energy Use By Energy Source, 1980-2030,

7-50